Shelter and Settlement

• Canada

  Folk architecture has always utilized materials found in abundance in the local environment. These reconstructed 11th century sod buildings are built from blocks of earth cut from the tundra. Few trees or stones are available for building materials in this part of the world; northern Newfoundland, Canada.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/canada.jpg

• Syria

  Beehive-style houses constructed of dried earth; a material found in abundance on the arid plains of central Syria.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/syria2.jpg

• Sudan

  Making formed mud bricks adjacent to the Nile River, northern Sudan.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/21 Making formed mud bricks adjacent to the Nile River, northern Sudan.JPG

• Mali

  Mud and wood architecture in Dogon country, Mali.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/mali9.jpg

• Mali

  Granaries (here used for storing millet) in a Malian village.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/mali10.jpg

• Tunisia

  Mud brick architecture for granary storage, Ksar Ouled Soltane, Tunisia.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/tunisia2.jpg

• Mali

  Dried mud construction in structures owned by the chief hunter from a Dogon village, Mali.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/mali11.jpg

• Burkina Faso

  Dried mud and wood, Sudano-Sahelian architecture in a mosque in Bobo-Diolouso, Burkina Faso.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/burkinafaso.jpg

• Togo

  Mud house architecture in the Taberma Valley, northern Togo, West Africa.

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/Mud house architecture in the Taberma Valley northern Togo West Africa.jpg

• Togo

  Mud houses built like small fortresses, Koutammakou, Togo.

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/Mud houses built like small fortresses Koutammakou Taberma Valley Togo.jpg

• Rwanda

  Wattle and daub house construction (interwoven poles with mud and plant fiber daubbing) in rural Rwanda.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/rwanda2.jpg

• Somalia

  Village housing in Somalia-Somaliland.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/22 Village housing in Somalia-Somaliland.JPG

• Syria

  Cone-roofed houses constructed of stone; in the very stony landscape around Fedra, near Daret Ezza, northwest Syria.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/syria3.jpg

• Yemen

  Elaborate ornamentation in the stonework of a house in Thilla, Yemen.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/yemen2.jpg

• Mauritania

  A family in front of their stone house, Mauritania.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/23 A family in front of their stone house, Mauritania.JPG

• Lesotho

  Traditional mokhoro rondavel-style house built by Besotho people in Lesotho, southern Africa.

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/Traditional mokhoro rondavel style house built by Besotho people in Lesotho southern Africa.JPG

• Andorra

  Stone houses, slate roofs in the rocky Pyrenees Mountains of Andorra.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/andorra.jpg

• Morocco

  Stone architecture in a Berber mountain village, High Atlas Mountains, Morocco.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/morocco6.jpg

• Morocco

  High Atlas housing in the mountains of Morocco.

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/Shelter and settlement IMG_2018 High Atlas housing Morocco.JPG

• Bosnia-Hercegovina

  Stony buildings in the old town of Mostar, Bosnia-Hercegovina.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/bosnia.jpg

• Slovakia

  Cut stone architecture of Spis Castle, Slovakia.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/24 Cut stone architecture of Spis Castle, Slovakia.JPG

• Spain

  Spanish windmills on a windy ridge crest, island of Fuerteventura, Canary Islands (Spain).  The structures are built of stone on this volcanic, stony island that has few trees for wood.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/25 Spanish windmills on a windy ridge crest, island of Fuerteventura, Canary Islands (Spain).JPG

• Spain

  Traditional Spanish houses in the Canary Islands (Spain).

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/26 Traditional Spanish houses in the Canary Islands (Spain).JPG

• Syria

  In areas where nomadism (moving to follow herd animals) is a way of life, stones or mud brick are not practical because they are too heavy to move. These people, who frequently move their home sites, use animal skins or heavy cloth tents which can be folded or rolled up and carried to a new location (Syria).

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/syria4.jpg

• Morocco

  Berber style tent camp, Sahara region, Morocco.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/morocco7.jpg

• Mongolia

  A ger (a.k.a. yurt) in Mongolia.  Made of felt and cloth wrapped over a wooden frame, the ger provides portable housing for nomads who follow their grazing herd animals across the treeless grasslands of this central Asian country.

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/Ger nomad housing in Mongolia 2003.jpg

• Canada

  Cree native tent housing traditionally used by nomadic ancestors and still erected and briefly occupied in a summer festival that celebrates Cree heritage, Chisasibi, Quebec, Canada.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/27 Cree native tent housing traditionally used by nomadic ancestors and still erected and briefly occupied in a summer festival that celebrates Cree heritage, Chisasibi, Quebec, Canada.JPG

• United States

  Plywood box construction typical of houses in Arctic and small-town Alaska (Unalakleet, Alaska, USA)

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/Plywood box construction typical of houses in Arctic and small-town Alaska Unalakleet Alaska.JPG

• Norway

  Sod-roofed houses (foreground), Røros, Norway.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/28 Sod-roofed houses (foreground), Roros, Norway.JPG

• Greenland

  Brightly colored houses typical of the architecture in Greenlandic towns, Old Harbor of Nuuk, Greenland with Sermitsiaq Mountain in background.

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/IMG_0611 Old Harbor with Sermitsiaq Mountain in background Nuuk Greenland.JPG

• Iceland

  Traditional Icelandic village architecture (church and turf homes), Grenjabarstadur, Iceland.

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/IMG_2362 Grenjabarstadur church and turf homes off HWY 854 between 845 and 87 north from Lake Myvatn north Iceland.JPG

• Iceland

  Turf house in Grenjabarstadur, Iceland.

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/IMG_4281 Turf house architecture in Grenjabarstadur off HWY 854 between 845 and 87 north from Lake Myvatn north Iceland.JPG

• Czech Republic

  Houses in the historic village of Holosovice, Czech Republic.

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/IMG_3785 Holosovice historic village SW CZ.JPG

• Mali

  Nomad housing made from thatch in a fishing village on the Niger River, Mali.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/mali12.jpg

• United States

  Old settler's cabin constructed of split logs, in a forested region of eastern Nebraska, U.S.A.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/usa.jpg

• Finland

  Traditional log housing and split log fences of rural Finland.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/29 Traditional log housing and split log fences of rural Finland.JPG

• Sweden

  Storehouse and housing of the Sami culture, traditional reindeer herders of northern Scandinavia (Sweden).

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/30 Storehouse and housing of the Sami culture, traditional reindeer herders of northern Scandinavia (Sweden).JPG

• Norway

  Traditional wooden housing of rural Norway.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/31 Traditional wooden housing of rural Norway.JPG

• Costa Rica

  Wooden houses (British style) on the Carribean coast of Costa Rica (near Limon).

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/costarica.jpg

• Belize

  Houses built of wood in the Caribbean coastal forest of Belize (San Ignacio).

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/belize.jpg

• Vietnam

  Traditional housing of fishermen—dwellings on stilts or floating platforms—in the rich waters of Vietnam’s Ha Long Bay.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/vietnam2.jpg

• Cambodia

  Floating village on Tonle Sap lake, Cambodia.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/cambodia4.JPG

• Dominican Republic

  Houses constructed of palm wood and thatch, the most abundant construction material available around La Isabella settlement, Dominican Republic.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/dominicanrepublic.jpg

• Suriname

  Wood and thatch housing in the Amerindian village of Palumeu, Suriname. Housing remains traditional though the village is now electrified.

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/IMG_7619 Wood and thatch housing in the Amerindian village of Palumeu Suriname. Housing remains traditional though the village is now electrifie.JPG

• Guyana

  Rural house along the Essequibo River, Guyana (South America).

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/IMG_8327 Rural house along the Essequibo River Guyana South America.JPG

• Eritrea

  Tigrean village built of sticks and thatch near Massawa, Eritrea.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/32 Tigrean village built of sticks and thatch near Massawa, Eritrea.JPG

• Niger

  Many fences and house structures are constructed from vegetative thatch in the semi-arid brush lands of Africa’s Sahel zone (Niger).

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/niger2.jpg

• Senegal

  Thatch housing in an estuary village, Sine-Saloum Delta, Senegal.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/33 Thatch housing in an estuary village, Sine-Saloum Delta, Senegal.jpg

• Mali

  Brush and palm weave construction around a Touareg encampment, Timbuktu, Mali.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/mali13.jpg

• Mali

  Woven palm mats cover the wood-framed houses of nomads in northern Mali.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/mali14.jpg

• Rwanda

  Thatch and wattle-and-daub housing in rural Rwanda.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/rwanda3.jpg

• Eritrea

  Stone and thatch houses in a Bille tribal village, Eritrean highlands near Keren.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/35 Stone and thatch houses in a Bille tribal village, Eritrean highlands near Keren.JPG

• Ghana

  The colonial-era center of Accra, Ghana.  Older buildings, built by or patterned after British styles, mingle with the standard urban architecture of sub-Saharan Africa.

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/The colonial-era center of Accra Ghana.jpg

• Ireland

  Thatched roofs, ivy and hedgerows; traditional housing in western Ireland.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/ireland.jpg

• Croatia

  Ceramic tiles remain the preferred roofing material in much of the Mediterranean region and lend a reddish hue to old cities like Dubrovnik, Croatia.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/croatia.jpg

• Yemen

  Traditional "cake icing" style of architecture and decoration on Yemeni buildings in the Sana'a region. This folk architecture, complete with unique, semi-circular stained glass insets above each window in the house, is still retained in modern buildings.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/yemen3.jpg

• Iran

  Wind cooling towers incorporated into traditional architecture in Iran.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/iran3.jpg

• Jordan

  Traditional architecture constructed with more modern building materials of concrete and cinder block. This neighborhood in central Amman, Jordan is typical of modern, middle class, Middle East architecture.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/jordan3.jpg

• Cuba

  Typical architecture and housing in central Havana, Cuba.

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/Typical architecture and housing in central Havana Cuba.JPG

• Italy

  Stone housing in the Tuscan hill town of San Gimignano, Italy.

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/IMG_4840 San Gimignano from castle tower Tuscan hill town Italy.JPG

• Malta

  Limestone architecture of Valletta, Malta.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/malta.jpg

• Czech Republic

  Cesky Krumlov Castle, Czech Republic.

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/IMG_3873 Cesky Krumlov Castle CZ.JPG

• Poland

  Traditional European architecture in the Old Town of Warsaw, Poland.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/poland.jpg

• Suriname

  Colonial-era Dutch houses in former Dutch Guiana, now the capital city of Paramaribo, Suriname.

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/IMG_7720 Colonial-era Dutch houses in former Dutch Guiana now the capital city of Paramaribo Suriname.JPG

• Belgium

  Traditional urban architecture in Brugge, Belgium.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/belgium.jpg

• Czech Republic

  Germanic-Romanesque architecture in the beautiful Old World European city of Prague (Czech Republic).

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/czechrepublic.jpg

• Hungary

  Old city houses in Buda, Hungary.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/36 Old city houses in Buda, Hungary.JPG

• Sweden

  European city architecture, Stockholm, Sweden.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/37 European city architecture, Stockholm, Sweden.JPG

• Slovenia

  Characteristic building style in the old center of Ljubljana, Slovenia.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/slovenia.jpg

• Denmark

  European city architecture, Copenhagen, Denmark.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/38 European city architecture, Copenhagen, Denmark.JPG

• Austria

  European housing designs, Vienna, Austria.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/39 European housing designs, Vienna, Austria.JPG

• Luxembourg

  Traditional housing framing a castle-topped hill, Vianden castle and village, Luxembourg.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/luxembourg.jpg

• Montenegro

  Although modern cities and towns sprawl across the landscape in a more random pattern (unless confined by topography), older towns and cities were usually built in a clustered pattern of settlement, improving both defensive capability and efficiency of movement (Kotor, Montenegro; also see previous slide from Luxembourg).

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/montenegro.jpg

• Croatia

  Clustered pattern of settlement within the defensive walls of the old city of Dubrovnik, Croatia.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/croatia2.jpg

• Mexico

  Religion is another facet of culture that is commonly etched into the landscape. This remote shrine in the southern Baja peninsula of Mexico provides evidence that Christianity is entrenched in this part of the world.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/mexico.jpg

• United States

  Christianity is also a majority faith where Our Lady of the Rockies, a 90-foot high statue of the Virgin Mary, sits atop the Continental Divide overlooking Butte Montana, USA.

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/Christianity is also a majority faith where Our Lady of the Rockies a 90 foot high statue of the Virgin Mary sits atop the Continental Divide overlooking Butte Montana USA.JPG

• United States

  Grave markers vary around the world with styles changing according to traditional customs and religions found in a place.  These markers in Dillingham, Alaska (USA) are Christian crosses that reflect the faith of the many Scandinavians involved in the fishing industry in this part of Alaska in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/Grave markers vary around the world with styles changing according to traditional customs and the sectarian variations in religion in a place Dillingham Alaska.JPG

• Ghana

  Roadside memorials or grave markers are often created for respected members of a family in southern Ghana. This marker is for Mary Ahla Kpodo, 105 years old when she died in 2012. Christian memorials will incorporate crosses, angels, and similar symbols, while the memorials of animist people will include animal motifs.

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/Roadside memorial or grave marker often created for respected members of a family SE Ghana. This marker is for Mary Ahla Kpodo 105 years old when she died in 2012.jpg

• Norway

  Medieval-era Christian wooden stave church, Norway.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/40 Medieval-era Christian wooden stave church, Norway.JPG

• Iceland

  Vik i Myrdal Christian church, Vik, Iceland.

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/IMG_1684 Vik i Myrdal church Vik Iceland.JPG

• Iceland

  Turf-covered Hofskirkja Christian church east of Skaftafell, Iceland.

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/IMG_4158 Hofskirkja church east of Skaftafell south Iceland.JPG

• Slovenia

  Pilgrimage Church of the Assumption of Maria, Lake Bled, Slovenia.

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/IMG_6352 Island and Chapel of St. Maria Lake Bled Slovenia.JPG

• United States

  St. Georges in the Arctic Episcopal Church above the Arctic Circle in Kotzebue, Alaska (USA).

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/St Georges in the Arctic Episcopal Church above the Arctic Circle in Kotzebue Alaska.JPG

• Slovenia

  Church spires and bell towers are common features on the landscapes of predominantly Christian areas like Alpine Slovenia.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/slovenia2.jpg

• Russia

  Russian Orthodox church architecture, St. Petersburg, Russia.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/41 Russian Orthodox church architecture, St. Petersburg, Russia.JPG

• India

  Center of the Sikh faith, the Golden Temple in Amritsar, India.  It was a crowded day during the Gurpurab of Guru Nanak (the founding Guru's birthday).

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/Center of the Sikh faith the Golden Temple in Amritsar India. It was a crowded day during the Gurpurab of Guru Nanak the founding Gurus birthday.JPG

• Mongolia

  An ovoo, a Buddhist religious structure made of piled stones. Note the colorful prayer cloths and the prayer wheel at this hilltop ovoo site in central Mongolia.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/mongolia2.jpg

• Sri Lanka

  Buddhist temple stupas at Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/42 Buddhist temple stupas at Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka.JPG

• Togo

  Animist fetish shrines--a West African voodoo tradition--erected to protect the village are often found standing in front of Batamamariba houses in northern Togo.

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/Animist fetish shrines--a West African voodoo tradition--erected to protect the village are often found standing in front of Batamamariba houses in northern Togo.jpg

• Benin

  Burning a sacrificial goat at the voodoo shrine of Dan Koly in central Benin, a powerful fetish and place of religious pilgrimage in West Africa.

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/Burning a sacrificial goat at the voodoo shrine of Dan Koly in central Benin a powerful fetish and place of pilgrimmage in West Africa.jpg

• Togo

  The death of a twin in an Ewe family--a large tribal group in Ghana and Togo--often prompts a memorial to the babies. These ibeji twins are imbued with a life force by voodoo priests for the protection of the survivor after the death of a twin. The twin fetishes will be cared for by family members for many years.

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/The death of twins in an Ewe family often prompts a memorial to the babies festishes imbued with a life force by voodoo priests and cared for by family members for many years.jpg

• Egypt

  A mosque with twin minaret spires at the southern entrance of the Suez Canal in Egypt reveals the ubiquitous presence of Islam in this region of the world.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/egypt.jpg

• Sudan

  Sufi Tomb of the Mahdi (Muhammad Ahmad who resisted the British in Khartoum, Sudan). Pilgrimage to this site has replaced the Haj (pilgrimage to Mecca) for many Sudanese Muslims.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/43 Sufi Tomb of the Mahdi (Muhammad Ahmad who resisted the British in Khartoum, Sudan). Pilgrimage to this site has replaced the Haj (pilgrimage to Mecca) for many Sudanese Muslims.JPG

• Sudan

  Sufi religious service (sometimes referred to as whirling dervishes) outside their mosque in Khartoum, Sudan.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/44 Sufi religious service (sometimes referred to as whirling dervishes) outside their mosque in Khartoum, Sudan.JPG

• Tunisia

  Hillside mosque in Chenini village, Tunisia.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/tunisia3.jpg

• Iran

  High minarets and black flags of the Shia Islamic Ashura holiday flying in Yazd, Iran.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/iran4.jpg

• Iran

  Inside a mosque in Yazd, Iran.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/iran5.jpg

• Tunisia

  Mosque minaret in central Kairouan, Tunisia.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/tunisia4.jpg

• Armenia

  The "Mr. Pig" restaurant in Yerevan, Armenia. Though this country borders the Islamic countries of Iran, Azerbaijan, and Turkey, it is obviously not Islamic (it is a Christian nation) as pork, and references to pigs and pork, are avoided in Muslim regions.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/armenia.jpg

• South Korea

  Buddhist pagoda along a remote highland trail, Nam San Mountains, near Kyongju, South Korea. Buddhist features, both large and small, have been frequently etched into the landscapes of eastern and southeastern Asia.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/southkorea.jpg

• Cambodia

  Cambodia’s temples portray both Buddhist and Hindu motifs (Angkor Wat).

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/cambodia5.JPG

• Sudan

  Egyptianized Nubians in Sudan revived the Egyptian practice of pyramid burials by the 900s and buried their Kushite kings in rock cut tombs under pyramids through the 400s.

  https://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/52 Egyptianized Nubians in Sudan revived the Egyptian practice of pyramid burials by the 900s and buried Kushite kings in rock cut tombs under pyramids through the 400s.JPG

• Morocco

  Jewish cemetery, Fez, Morocco.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/45 Jewish cemetery, Fez, Morocco.JPG

• Austria

  An ossuary is used to store human skeletal remains where burial space in a cemetery is scarce. This one is part of a Catholic cemetery in Hallstat, Austria.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/46 An ossuary is used to store human skeletal remains where burial space in a cemetery is scarce. This one is part of a Catholic cemetery in Hallstat, Austria.JPG

• Czech Republic

  Kostnice Sedlec Ossuary where the bones of church members were kept in a chamber under the Catholic church, Kutna Hora, Czech Republic.

  http://lightworld.okstate.edu/images/slide/Shelter_Settlement/47 Kostnice Sedlec Ossuary where the bones of church members were kept in a chamber under the Catholic church, Kutna Hora, Czech Republic.JPG